Тема: Що таке скам'янілості? Види скам'янілостей.
Місця та способи утворення.
T.: In order to learn new items we start to
work with lexical cards. (cards #1) Here you can see some new words:
- a fossil – the remains or impression of a
(usu. prehistoric) plant or animal hardened in rock
- extinct – without a survivor; without force;
dead
- mammoths – any of several species of extinct
elephant s whose fossils have been found in Pleistocene deposits (beginning 1.8
million years ago) on every continent.
- resin – a sticky substance that is produced
by some trees
- leach – to dissolve out soluble constituents
from (ashes, soil, etc.) by percolation; to cause (water or other liquid) to
percolate through something.
- fossilization – noun the process of
converting, or of being converted, into a fossil.
Reading
T.:
Now we are going to read the text.
Fossils
Fossils are the actual remains of plants or animals or the petrified
traces of plants or animals.
Giant woolly creatures, called mammoths, have been found perfectly preserved in frozen
soil. The mammoth is an animal now extinct. Extinct means no longer existing.
The mammoth was a large type of elephant which once lived on the earth.The
frozen physical remains of mammoths have been found in very cold, frozen
regions. The frozen physical remains of mammoths are one kind of fossil.
Sometimes the physical
remains of plants or animals are preserved in ice and snow, but sometimes the
actual physical remains are preserved in amber. Amber, before it hardens, is a
sticky substance called resin. Resin flows from
certain trees and plants. Insects get caught in the resin. More resin falls on
the insect and covers it completely. Later the resin hardens into amber, and
the insect is perfectly preserved inside. Here is a picture of a piece of
amber. Do you see the insect preserved inside the amber? Notice that the amber
is a hard, yellowish brown substance.
Petrified traces of plants
or animals are called fossils. Petrified means that the fossils have been
turned to stone.
Probably
the most common type of petrified fossil studied by paleontologists is a print
fossil. A paleontologist is a scientist who studies fossils, which are actually
the physical remains of a plant or animal or traces of past life.
"Paleontologist” is the name for a scientist who studies all different
kinds of fossils.
Sometimes
a print fossil exists because a leaf left an impression, or print, in mud. Then
the mud hardened and became stone. The impression of the leaf was left behind,
although the leaf itself had decayed.
Another example of a print
fossil is one which has the impression of a footprint. People and animals have
left impressions of footprints in mud, which have later hardened into stone.
Some print fossils are
molds where animal bodies once lay. These fossils were formed when mud covered
the animals' bodies. Later, the bodies of the animals dissolved, but the
impressions of the animals' bodies were left in the rock. Paleontologists can
fill the molds with materials that harden into the shapes of the animals which
once lay covered with mud.Paleontologists study all kinds of fossils. Fossils
are the actual physical remains of plants or animals or petrified traces of
plants or animals.
How Are Fossils Formed?
Some animals, such as mammoths,
have been preserved in ice, and insects h preserved in resin hardened into
amber.Most fossils were formed, however, after a plant or animal was buried
under sediment. Sediment is material, such as stones, mud, and sand, which has
bee along by water or wind. Whenever a load of sediment buried a creature, its
were held together by sediment. After a while, the body decayed away and only
parts (teeth, bones, shells) were preserved.Creationists (people who study
science in the light of God's creation) agree Flood is the explanation for the
fast forming of fossils. Usually there is little or no warning whenever a flood
comes. Animals do not have time to escape. Floods carry sediment which buries
the animals.
Sometimes the minerals of animal bones are leached.
Leached means the mini the bones are washed away. Leaching has a peculiar
effect on a bone fossil. L> leaves the bone fossil very light in weight. To
prevent breaking a leached bon necessary to handle it very carefully. Petrified
fossils are heavy, whereas leached are very light in weight.
"Fossilization'' is the word
which describes what happens when things are quickly without having time to
decay. In order for fossilization to take place, plants or animals must be
buried quickly under sediment or something like volcanic ash fossils are found
in sedimentary rock. Below is a picture of how fossilization car whenever an
organism (a living thing) is trapped and buried in sediment.
T.: You have got the card with the task. We have
just read the text and now let’s complete the sentences. (card #2)
Card #2.
Task: Fill in the
blanks with the right answers.
1. The ………….was a large type of
elephant.
2. The frozen physical remains of
plants or animals are one kind of …………….
3. The physical remains of plants or
animals may be preserved in ………., …………… or …………..
4. ……………is a hard, yellowish brown
substance.
5. The actual physical remains or
petrified traces of plants or animals are called ……..
6. The impression of a leaf is what is
left behind; the leaf itself ……………….
7. Some fossils have been preserved in
ice, and some have been preserved in ………….. hardened into ………….
8. Floods carry sediment which …………..animals
which do not have time to escape.
9. The fossil record is evidence that
there was once a ……………………
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